Christopher Columbus Fourth and Last New World Voyage

On May 11, 1502, Christopher Columbus set out on his fourth and final voyage to the New World with a fleet of four ships. His mission was to explore uncharted areas to the west of the Caribbean in hopes of finding a passage to the Orient. While Columbus did explore parts of southern Central America, his ships disintegrated during the voyage, leaving Columbus and his men stranded for nearly a year. Before the Journey Much had happened since Columbus’  daring 1492 voyage of discovery. After that historic trip, Columbus was sent back to the New World to establish a colony. While a gifted sailor, Columbus was a terrible administrator, and the colony he founded on Hispaniola turned against him. After his third trip, ​Columbus was arrested and sent back to Spain in chains. Although he was quickly freed by the king and queen, his reputation was in shambles. At 51, Columbus was increasingly being viewed as an eccentric by the members of the royal court, perhaps due to his belief that when Spain united the world under Christianity (which they would quickly accomplish with gold and wealth from the New World) that the world would end. He also tended to dress like a simple barefoot friar, rather than the wealthy man he had become. Even so, the crown agreed to finance one last voyage of discovery. With royal backing, Columbus soon found four seaworthy vessels: the Capitana, Gallega, Vizcaà ­na, and Santiago de Palos. His brothers, Diego and Bartholomew, and his son Fernando signed on as crew, as did some veterans of his earlier voyages. Hispaniola the Hurricane Columbus was not welcome when he returned to the island of Hispaniola. Too many settlers remembered his cruel and ineffective administration. Nevertheless, after first visiting Martinique and Puerto Rico, he made Hispaniola his destination because had hopes of being able to swap the Santiago de Palos for a quicker ship while there. As he awaited an answer, Columbus realized a storm was approaching and sent word to the current governor, Nicolà ¡s de Ovando, that he should consider delaying the fleet that was set to depart for Spain. Governor Ovando, resenting the interference, forced Columbus to anchor his ships in a nearby estuary. Ignoring the explorers advice, he sent the fleet of 28 ships to Spain. A tremendous hurricane sank 24 of them: three returned and only one (Ironically, the one containing Columbus’  personal effects that hed wished to send to Spain) arrived safely. Columbus’  own ships, all badly battered, nevertheless remained afloat. Across the Caribbean After the hurricane passed, Columbus’ small fleet set out in search of a passage west, however, the storms did not abate and the journey became a living hell. The ships, already damaged by the forces of the hurricane, suffered substantially more abuse. Eventually, Columbus and his ships reached Central America, anchoring off the coast of Honduras on an island that many believe to be Guanaja, where they made what repairs they could and took on supplies. Native Encounters While exploring Central America, Columbus had an encounter many consider to be the first with one of the major inland civilizations. Columbus’ fleet came in contact with a trading vessel, a very long, wide canoe full of goods and traders believed to be Mayan from the Yucatan. The traders carried copper tools and weapons, swords made of wood and flint, textiles, and a beerlike beverage made from fermented corn. Columbus, oddly enough, decided not to investigate the interesting trading civilization, and instead of turning north when he reached Central America, he went south. Central America to Jamaica Columbus continued exploring to the south  along the coasts of present-day Nicaragua, Costa Rica, and Panama. While there, Columbus and his crew traded for food and gold whenever possible. They encountered several native cultures and observed stone structures as well as maize being cultivated on terraces. By early 1503, the structure of the ships began to fail. In addition to the storm damage the vessels had endured, it was discovered they were also infested with termites. Columbus reluctantly set sail for Santo Domingo looking for aid—but the ships only made it as far as Santa Gloria (St. Ann’s Bay), Jamaica before they were incapacitated. A Year on Jamaica Columbus and his men did what they could, breaking the ships apart to make shelters and fortifications. They formed a relationship with the local natives who brought them food. Columbus was able to get word to Ovando of his predicament, but Ovando had neither the resources nor the inclination to help. Columbus and his men languished on Jamaica for a year, surviving storms, mutinies, and an uneasy peace with the natives. (With the help of one of his books, Columbus was able to impress the natives by correctly predicting an eclipse.) In June 1504, two ships finally arrived to retrieve Columbus and his crew. Columbus returned to Spain only to learn that his beloved Queen Isabella was dying. Without her support, he would never again return to the New World. Importance of the Fourth Voyage Columbus’ final voyage is remarkable primarily for new exploration, mostly along the coast of Central America. Its also of interest to historians, who value the descriptions of the native cultures encountered by Columbus’ small fleet, particularly those sections concerning the Mayan traders. Some of the fourth voyage crew would go on to greater things: Cabin boy Antonio de Alaminos eventually piloted and explored much of the western Caribbean. Columbus’ son Fernando wrote a biography of his famous father. Still, for the most part, the fourth voyage was a failure by almost any standard. Many of Columbus’ men died, his ships were lost, and no passage to the west was ever found. Columbus never sailed again and when he died in 1506, he was convinced that hed found Asia—even if most of Europe already accepted the fact that the Americas were an unknown â€Å"New World. That said, the fourth voyage showcased more profoundly than any other Columbus’ sailing skills, his fortitude, and his resilience—the very attributes that allowed him to journey to the Americas in the first place. Source: Thomas, Hugh. Rivers of Gold: The Rise of the Spanish Empire, from Columbus to Magellan. Random House. New York. 2005.

The Trauma Of Slavery s Beloved - 1389 Words

The Trauma of Slavery in Beloved As opinions on slavery differed in both the North and South in the 1800’s, plantation owners in the South defended their rights to human ownership. Many slaves continued to contend with the unpredictable emotions by their owners which were responsible for the physical and emotional everyday traumatic events that shaped their lives. In Toni Morrison’s Beloved she shares the trying times of slave families who suffered greatly from slavery. Trauma caused suffering for many generations not just the ones who endured that slave life. The slaves and their families suffered from living without a mother’s love, physical abuse, and emotional abuse. Many children were born into slavery. Knowing your father was usually impossible because of the situations a mother had to endure with many different men. A mother’s love was short lived and many children never got a chance to feel it. Some slave mothers kept their infants for a sho rt period of time and others longer as long as they could look after them without interference with their work. Some mothers got the chance to take their children tied to their backs to the fields and some even made simple rope toys tied to a tree to help entertain their children nearby. Many times once the mother was well enough to return to work usually around a month; infants were sent to be cared for by another woman or older siblings. Taking a child early from its mother was thought as a way toShow MoreRelated The Historical Trauma of Slavery in the Film Version of Toni Morrisons Beloved3134 Words   |  13 PagesThe Historical Trauma of Slavery in the Film Version of Toni Morrisons Beloved The film Beloved was released in 1998 to mixed reviews. The movie, based on Toni Morrisons novel, tells a ghost story from an African American perspective. It takes place only a few years after the abolishment of slavery, with the traumatic scars still fresh and unable to be healed. In the film the protagonist, Sethe, is revisited by the ghost of the daughter she murdered eighteen years earlier. I shall argue thatRead More`` Beloved `` By Toni Morrison Essay1726 Words   |  7 Pages Distinguished African-American novelist, Toni Morrison, in her notoriously suspenseful anachronic masterpiece, Beloved, tells the story of a fugitive slave named Sethe who escaped from the Sweet Home plantation in Kentucky to Cincinnati, Ohio, a free state. She lives freely with her husband’s grandmother for twenty-eight days until the slave masters come to capture her. Frightened, she attempts to murder all of her children to prevent them from living a life of dehumanized servitude but only su cceedsRead MoreHow Does Toni Morrisons Beloved Reflect a Postcolonial Sensitivity997 Words   |  4 Pagesthrough historical records and researched the diaries and memoirs of slaves and their owners before writing Beloved, in order to gain some sense of the experience of slavery as seen through the lives of ordinary people. As Morrison (cited in Conway, 2003, p.49) says: The book is not about the institution - slavery with a capital S. It was about these anonymous people called slaves. Beloved is not a linear tale told from beginning to end, but is written in fragments, with the reader left to pieceRead MoreThe Bluest Eye By Toni Morrison1561 Words   |  7 PagesBeloved is one of the most beautifully written books and Toni Morrison is one of the best authors in the world. After reading the Bluest Eye and seeing how captivating it is, it is not highly expectant to think that Beloved to be just as enchanting. Anyone who has read Beloved would read it again and those of us who have not should be dying to read it. Beloved is a historical fiction novel based on a true historical incident. Beloved is setRead MoreBeloved by Toni Morrison1455 Words   |  6 PagesThroughout history, numerous people were victims of slavery. Many people were tortured and worked to death and suffered horrifically. Not many slaves knew their mothers because they were torn from their homes. Many slave women were robbed of their innoc ence by their masters. Behind the face of every slave, there is always a very traumatic unforgettable story which is not something to pass on, but a lesson to remember from repeating same mistake again. Only a handful of slaves learned to read andRead MoreAnalysis Of Toni Morrison s The Book And The Conference2009 Words   |  9 Pagesmentioned in their speeches slavery and slave trade, known as the Middle Passage. People of African descent struggled and still struggle all over the world, fighting for their rights and against racism. Coincidentally, prior to the conference, I ve finished re-reading Toni Morrison Beloved. Morrison,who won the Nobel prize for this book, directly addresses the issue of slavery and slave crossing in her novel; the book and the conference inspired me to write on this topic. Beloved is not only a title ofRead MoreReview Of The Bluest Eye 2004 Words   |  9 PagesPRINCESS O’NIKA AUGUSTE ATLANTA, GEORGIA Beloved is one of the most beautifully written books and Toni Morrison is one of the best authors in the world. After reading the Bluest Eye and seeing how captivating it is, it is not highly expectant to think that Beloved would be just as enchanting. Anyone who has read Beloved would read it again and those of us who have not should be dying to read it. Beloved is a historical fiction novel based on aRead MoreToni Morrison s Beloved And The Bluest Eye2300 Words   |  10 PagesAuthor/Work Literary Analysis Paper Toni Morrison s Beloved and The Bluest Eye Toni Morrison is known for her use of poetic language. In many of her writings Morrison captures the pursuit of African Americans identities(Parnell). Considering Morrison never experienced the horrific tragedies she writes about, she is a witness to many identities that were destroyed by society depiction of them. The themes that Toni Morrison illustrates in her works Beloved and The Bluest Eye demonstrates how Toni MorrisonRead MoreHealing Through Rememorizes: A Reading Of Toni Morrison’S2031 Words   |  9 PagesHealing Through Rememorizes: A Reading of Toni Morrison’s Beloved Foram Patel Lecturer, E-mail- Abstract Based on fragments borrowed from the Margaret Garner incident, Morrison explores the harrowing nature of slavery in her fifth novel Beloved (1987). But far from being an objective account of slavery, Beloved is a psychological exploration of traumatic experience which examines and internalizes slavery by focusing on the day-to-day lived experiences of the slaves rendering enslavement as an intimateRead MoreEssay On Kill Your Own By Toni Morrison Essay2007 Words   |  9 PagesInfanticide-To kill your own Toni Morrison s Beloved, is a story of trying to move forward, only to end up being haunted by the past. We learn the story of Sethe, a runaway slave. The story, set in Ohio in 1873, tells of Sethes escape from slavery, and the fateful day her life took a drastic turn. To a stranger, from the outside looking in, Sethes life is as normal as it could be under the circumstances of being a runaway.. Morrison tells of Sethe s struggle of being enslaved not only in body

Symptoms And Symptoms Of Dementia - 11088 Words

Introduction: In this assignment I will be explaining the different physiological disorders. The two disorders that I have picked are dementia and diabetes. With this I will discuss and explain the signs and symptoms that occurs and the changes the clients have been through. Dementia: Dementia is an illness that happens to the elderly. Frequently dementia takes place in people who are 65 and over. From research it has been said that the older you get, the more likely you are to develop it. Dementia is a common condition. Dementia is not a specific disease. It is a descriptive term for a collection of symptoms that can be caused by a number of disorders that affect the brain. In England alone, there are currently 570,000 people living with dementia. Dementia usually affects the individual’s memory, thinking, language development and understanding. Normal system: The human brain is able to continually adapt and rewire itself. Even in old age, it can grow new neurons. The mind interaction is what stimulates brain cells to grow and connect with each other in complex ways. The brain stem is in charge of keeping the automatic systems of your body working. You don’t have to think about breathing, you just do it automatically, but you can decide if you want to hold your breath for a short time. You don’t have to think about your heart beating because your brain keeps it going automatically. However when dementia occurs these brain stems fail and do not work to its best ability.Show MoreRelatedSymptoms And Symptoms Of Dementia935 Words   |  4 Pagesâ€Å"Worldwide, 47.5 million people have dementia and there are 7.7 million new cases every year† (WHO). Dementia is not a specific disease. Instead, it is a broad term used to describe a wide range of symptoms that impact one’s daily functioning (ALZ). These symptoms are associated with memory, thinking, and social abilities (Mayo Clinic). While signs and symptoms of dementia can differ based on the cause, there are several common cognitive and psychological changes that occur. Common cognitive changesRead MoreSymptoms And Diagnosis Of Dementia987 Words   |  4 PagesAn estimated 47.5 million people suffer from dementia. Every 4 seconds one new case of dementia is diagnosed. Dementia is a term that describes certain symptoms such as impairment to memory, communication and thinking. It is a group of symptoms and not just one illness. Even though one‘s chance of getting dementia increase with age, it is not a part of aging. Dementia is usually diagnosed after a series of assessments that includes a physical evaluation, memory tests, imaging studies and bloodRead More Symptoms And Treatment Of Dementia1428 Words   |  6 PagesIntroduction Dementia is a disorder that leads to a gradual loss of the cognitive capacity of an individual, ultimately affecting one’s daily activities. 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Dementia is defined in the article as ‘a group of syndromes characterized by progressive decline in cognition ofRead MoreThe Behavioral And Psychological Symptoms Of Dementia1197 Words   |  5 PagesMallampalli Kalbarczyk, 2012). The Behavioural and Psychological Symptoms of Dementia (BPSD) have a significant impact on the quality of life of the person with dementia and the caregiver (Rouch et al, 2014). The existence and intensity of the BPSD has a greater negative impact on caregivers then the actual cognitive decline (Rouch et al, 2014). AD is the most common cause of dementia and accounts of 60 – 80% of all dementia cases (Carter et al, 2012). AD is a chronic, progressive neurodegenerativeRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Frontotemporal Dementia995 Words   |  4 Pagesappropriately labeled as Dementia. However, not all areas of Dementia are reserved for the elderly. Frontotemporal Dementia (FTD) is a rather extreme case of the all-encompassing term Dementia. 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Even though there is an umbrella of different forms of dementia, dementia it self is a term used to describe a disease that is chronic, progressive, and terminal and each of the forms of dementia are classified inRead MoreDescribe the types of dementia and common signs and symptoms1148 Words   |  5 PagesUnit 40 - P1 Describe the types of dementia and common signs and symptoms The term ‘dementia’ describes a set of symptoms which can include loss of memory, mood changes and problems with communication and reasoning. These symptoms occur when the brain is damaged by certain conditions and diseases, including Alzheimer’s disease, vascular dementia and Creutzfeldt-Jakob disease. †¨Age is the greatest risk factor for dementia. Dementia affects one in 14 people over the age of 65 and one in six overRead MoreSymptoms And Treatment Of Alzheimer s Disease And Dementia2186 Words   |  9 Pages(Sherwood). Inflammation is triggered by the body’s immune system and is a factor that plays in the progression of the disease (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). Alzheimer’s causes nerve cell death and tissue loss throughout the brain. This causes the brain to shrink dramatically and affects almost all of its functions (Alzheimer’s Disease Dementia). There is a loss of connections among brain cells responsible for memory, learning, and communication. The main portion of the brain called the cerebral

Dont Get Me Started free essay sample

By oke Don’t get me started on smoking. Let me deal with first positive side of smoking. First, many people like to smoke before exams or when they are relaxing with friends. A further point is that the government throughout the world make huge profits from levying taxes on cigarettes. This provides funds which are used for building schools, hospitals and other public amenities. The tobacco industry also employs tens of thousands of people throughout the world, particularly in countries like Zimbabwe and India. Without cigarettes these people would have no jobs.However, despite these points, the arguments against smoking is very much stronger, there is no getting away from the fact that smoking has always shown the dangers of health; heart disease, bronchitis, lung cancer. Opinion wise speaking, I think smoking is not just arrogant, rude and ill-mannered. To think that these people are killing themselves gradually without them knowing it is truly sad. This fact is true even without all the additional problems, and there are quite a few of those, to say the least. If you have the great misfortune to live or work in London, you will know that public transport workers can’t go a week without declaring they will be going on strike about one thing or another. â€Å"What’s the problem now? † and â€Å"What are they complaining about this time? † are frequent questions you will hear floating around London; like the grey, smoky fog that lingers in its once blue skies. As if this wasn’t enough, you then have road works and cancelled trains to contend with. And don’t even get me started on taxi’s supposedly taking the ‘’short cut’’. There are a number of things wrong with taxies in the UK; whether that’s in large, populated cities like London or Manchester, or average, small towns like Harlow. The first problem you face, especially in busy areas, is actually being able to win the attention of a taxi. As you stand there on a sweltering August day, struggling to keep hold of about 50 unmanageably excessive bags, all you want to do is hop in a taxi and relax, as you let someone else worry about competing with the hectic traffic. However, it’s not all that easy. To win the attention of a taxi, you are required to stand there for at least 20 minutes, letting the mothers with new-borns and old age pensioners acquire a taxi before yourself, and then finally enter in an epic battle with another tired, beaten individual whose aim is analogous to yours. Once you have at last caught a taxies attention you get in expecting to be home in no time at all, only to reach there one hour later with an enormous fee of ? 70 so much for the â€Å"short cut† your driver promised, ‘ey? A lovely day of shopping has rapidly turned into a horrendously hot, back-breaking, furiously fighting battle, and, to make matters worse, your ? 70 poorer. When you are early, the bus is late. Everyone is aware that, generally, buses are between 5 and 20 minutes late; if you’re lucky. This isn’t such a problem in the summer; the bus stop provides a desired shelter from the fiery, burning sun as well as a place to sit and enjoy the weather. However, there comes time when you have no choice but to take the bus in winter – the last thing you want to be doing in such a cold period. This is usually how it goes You rush to the bus stop, puffing like a steam train, only to find yourself waiting for half an hour in the harsh winter cold, as your nose gradually becomes as red as a tomato. Icicles hang from your now numb ears, and you realise your heart rate has dramatically decreased. As last a rusty old dinosaur they call a bus lumbers into view, and you hope and pray that it has your number on the front. More often than not, you are heartbroken to see that this bus is not the one you need. However, you don’t waste time in deliberating whether you can take this bus to get close to your destination. But, of course, you can’t. ‘Public’ transport? Don’t make me laugh it’s as if buses were deliberately designed to avoid serving you; the bus you want never seems to want to arrive. So, as you sit there, shivering (and now very worried that you might be stuck at the bus stop forever), waiting for the bus like a child waits for Christmas morning, you start to believe it will never arrive. When, if by some miracle it does arrive, you drag your frozen limbs on board and pay your fare. Just when you think things can’t get any worse you are then ripped off with an adult fare when you’re only 15! As soon as the ticket is dispensed, before you can so much as grab a pole to steady yourself, the bus lurches forward with a roar, sending your bag bowling along to the end of the bus, as you fall forward on to an elderly lady’s lap. You are now finally on the bus, hoping that you can sit back and enjoy the scenic views of the journey. This, however, is not possible, because you have to wonder around all the bus to find a clean and hygienic, chewing gum free seat, where you can stand to sit for the short journey.