Muslim and Hindu Hatred: Gandhi’s and Muhammads Views

Question 2 For hundreds of years there was religious fanaticism in the Hindu and Muslim religions leading up to extreme enmity between both. In India Hindus were the majority while Muslims were the minority therefore Muslims feared that a rule by Hindus would destroy what was more precious to them. This anger towards each other created two separate political groups, the Indian National Congress whose leader was Mohandas Gandhi, and the Muslim League whose leader was Muhammad Ali Jinnah. Although they were from opposing sides they both agreed that cooperation between both religions was necessary for India’s independence.In the section The â€Å"Condition of India† from his pamphlet Indian Home Rule Gandhi expresses his feeling and beliefs towards Muslims, he felt that Hindus and Muslims were the same that both have the same blood running through their veins, and together could form one nation. On the other hand in his Speech to the Muslim League Muhammad makes it clear t hat although he wished for there to be cooperation among both religions he knew that Muslims had to separate from Hindus and become their own nation before things would end in their destruction. Both leaders had similar but also differing views in regards to the anger between Muslims and Hindus.Gandhi was an outstanding figure in India who advocated non-violence when India was seeking its independence from British rule. As India’s independence was approaching Gandhi was struggling to maintain the cooperation between Hindu’s and Muslims. He believed that there could be a fusion of Hindu, Muslim, and Christian in India. In 1908 he wrote a pamphlet known as Indian Home Rule that contains many of his ideas and principles that guided him throughout his career. In the section The condition of India he refers to the concerns of a reader regarding the conflicts between the Hindus and Muslims.In the section the reader is concerned that the introduction of Islam has unmade the n ation. Gandhi responds by stating that â€Å"India cannot cease to be one nation because people belonging to different nations live in it† (Gandhi 214). He believed that the different religions can all merge into one nation. Hindu’s must be dreaming if they believe that only Hindu’s should live in India. According the Gandhi all of the different religions in India must live in unity for their own interest. Another concern that the reader has is in regards to the inborn enmity between the Hindus and Muslims.Gandhi replies by stating that the inborn enmity was a phrase created by their mutual enemy, the British. He also reminds the reader that long before the British occupation Hindu’s and Muslims both recognized that their mutual fighting was a suicidal act and realized that neither was going to abandon its religion with violence, and therefore decided to live in peace. This at least only lasted until the British colonized. Gandhi was not a man of hatred, and although Muslims have different religious beliefs he believed that they both come from the same ancestors and the same blood runs through their veins (Gandhi 215).Muhammad Ali believed that the differences between Hindus and Muslims such as religion and law and culture were not mere superstitions. According to him two divergent nationalities can’t be expected to become one nation by means of the British parliamentary statute. If the unitary government of India failed to accomplish this task then the central federal government would fail as well. In his Speech to the Muslim League Muhammad Ali expresses his support for the establishment of separate homelands. He wanted the division of India into â€Å"autonomous national states† (Jinnah 217).He had little hope for the evolvement of a common nationality between both religions. This was because he believed that Hindus failed to understand the true nature of both religions, and that both were â€Å"distinct social ord ers†. According to Muhammad, â€Å"The Hindus and Muslims belong to two different religious philosophies, social customs, and literatures†, therefore the impression that India could become one nation had to end for it could lead to its destruction (Jinnah 217). Their destruction would also be in part to an increasing dissatisfaction since Muslims were the minority and Hindus the majority.Muslims feared that if both religions were to be brought together under a democratic system they would become ruled by Hindus. Rule by the majority would mean â€Å"the complete destruction of what is most precious in Islam† (Jinnah 217). This fear is the reason Muslims wanted to become their own nation to have their own territory, and their own state. This was exactly what Muhammad was advocating in his speech. India had been a British colony since the 1760’s that provided cotton, labor, and was also a market for British goods.There had always been afflicting poverty in I ndia however in the late 19th century there was growth of Indian intellectuals, education, nationalism, its economy, and communications. This growth lead to the formation of the Indian middles class as well as the growth of political organizations (Lecture). There was the Indian National Congress where its members proposed economic reforms and self-rule. Although the congress represented Muslims as well it was predominantly Hindu and because Muslims feared Hindu majority they began to withdraw from the Congress.This resulted in the Muslim League where self-rule and democratic reforms were advocated. The hatred between Hindus and Muslims was one of India’s biggest problems. Each side had religious fanaticism that if populations were to mix there was violence between both sides. This feud created the two separate parties where the Congress party was led by Gandhi and the Muslim League was led by Muhammad Ali Jinnah (Lecture). Muhammad Ali joined the National Congress in 1906 an d then the Muslim League in 1913.Because he was a member of both organizations he served as an intermediary between both, however he abandoned the Congress because he opposed Gandhi’s campaign of civil disobedience and because they refused to support equal voting rights for the Muslim minority. Spite of that Muhammad continued to work for cooperation between both religions for one cause, India’s independence. Although he worked hard to mitigate the disagreements between Hindus and Muslims the violence between both groups convinced him that it was impossible to fix such a feud, and Muslims would have no future in an independent India.Gandhi on the other hand was a Hindu and so therefore was part of the majority and was leader of the Congress. His main goal was to gain independence for India. But although he was Hindu he was a good person who had no hatred towards Muslims and truly believed in the possibility that both Hindus and Muslims could come together and merge int o one nation. Being that both of these leaders are from opposing sides, and although there might have similar beliefs they each had different views in regards to the violence and hatred between Muslims and Hindus. These differing views can be seen in both Gandhi’s pamphlet and Muhammad’s speech.At first both agreed with cooperation for the forward movement of independence, however both knew that it would be a difficult task. Gandhi’s pamphlet demonstrates that even with all the demonstrations of violence he never lost hope and always believed that both religions would someday come together as one. Muhammad’s speech on the other hand shows that unlike Gandhi he lost hope and realized it was impossible; Hindus and Muslims would never merge into one. Neither of them had hatred towards each other’s religion, both truly wanted for the cooperation and the end of the communal feuds but neither could break such a strong animosity.The enmity between Muslims and Hindus was so strong that neither Muhammad nor Gandhi was able to get both sides to cooperate and get along with one another. Their pamphlet and speech both demonstrate their views and reactions towards the failed attempt for harmony between both sides. Both demonstrate their differing views, Gandhi thought it was possible to reach a consensus and merge into one nation, while Muhammad seemed more realistic and realized it was a lost cause for the Hindus and Muslims.

Letter from Birmingham, Martin Luther King Jr.

Just Arguments in the Battle against Segregation â€Å"If I have said anything in this letter that overstates the truth and indicates an unreasonable impatience, I beg you to forgive me. If I have said anything that understates the truth and indicates my having patience, I beg God to forgive me† (King 301). Martin Luther King Jr. writes an argumentative letter defending demonstrations against segregation. While serving eight days in prison for participating in protests in Birmingham, King writes his famous â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† (293).King is effective at arguing his case because he provides counter arguments, gives many examples of real life situations, and reflects on statements made. King begins by providing background and explaining the true purpose of non-violent direct-action demonstrations. In the letter, King refutes the arguments made by clergy, which were untimely action, breaking laws, direct-actions precipitate violence, extremist, and commended police. King explains that he traveled to Birmingham to participate in non-violent protest against segregation, stating â€Å"injustice anywhere is a threat to justice everywhere† (289).King responds to the clergy by saying, â€Å"your statement†¦ fails to express a similar concern for the conditions that brought about the demonstrations† (289). King continues by explaining the four basic steps of non-violent direct-action, which are: â€Å"collection of the facts to determine whether injustices exist; negotiation; self purification; and direct-action† (290). While providing great detail on the situation and steps taken, King continues to build his argument against the statements made by the clergy. The first statement was that the action taken in Birmingham was untimely.In the letter, King provides great details about the planning and execution of the demonstration, which shows that much thought was placed on the timing of the protest and explained that it was, in fact, not untimely. King uses a very effective method to evoke personal feelings by writing a long list of heart-throbbing experiences of Negro people during segregation (289-292). Next, King refutes the second statement that demonstrators break laws. King explains that â€Å"there are two types of laws: just and unjust† (293). King’s reflecting help the reader understand his arguments (293-294).The third statement from the clergy says the direct-actions precipitate violence. King states he does not advocate breaking the law. However, â€Å"[King] submit[s] that an individual who breaks a law that conscience tells him is unjust, and who willingly accepts the penalty of imprisonment in order to arouse the conscience of the community over its injustice, is in reality expressing the highest respect for law† (294). The fourth statement is condemning the actions in Birmingham as extreme. King counters by providing examples where extreme measures were taking to right an injustice, such as with Abe Lincoln and freeing the slaves (296-297).Finally, King addresses how the clergy commended the police force for keeping order. King responds with examples during the demonstrations in which the police acted inhumane (300-301). By providing considered and well formulated arguments, King is effective at arguing his case against segregation. King addresses any possible counter arguments on his stance and does so in great detail. By reflecting on statements made, King allows the reader to fully understand his arguments and point of view. The â€Å"Letter from Birmingham Jail† is an excellently structured argumentative letter against segregation.

Auditing of Havelock Company Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 2000 words

Auditing of Havelock Company - Research Paper Example The company might be interested in recording such expenses in administrative costs of the company rather than inventory. This will help Havelock achieve the increase in loss and thus claiming tax refunds. Havelock might not be interested in paying taxes to improve its cash flows. Havelock operates in a dynamic industry, which comprises of retail customers as well (Havelock Europa, 2012d). The choices and demands from the customers change very often which may lead to a decline in NRV of the inventory. There is a risk that Havelock may ignore to lower down its inventory valuation to NRV. Though the current ratio of Havelock is 1.4, it is facing liquidity pressures. Payments to the suppliers have also been delayed. The average period of payment to the vendor is 52 days as compared to 36 in 2011 (Havelock Europa, 2012b). The company is under pressure to meet the tough deadlines of the financers on a quarterly basis. In case, it does not pay the interest and principal due, the bank would be entitled to the whole of the principal repayment on an immediate basis (Havelock Europa, 2012e). Due to such pressures, the company has not announced any dividend payments. Amounts on charities have also decreased from  £ 900,000 in 2012 as compared to  £2,443,000 in 2011 (Havelock Europa, 2012b). The company has resorted to additional overdraft facilities in order to meet its liquidity requirements. More credit facilities have been opted for by Havelock (Havelock Europa, 2012d). The fact that the company will increase its production is still remote. It has just entered into an agreement with HP financers to purchase a new plant, which will increase its production by 50% (Havelock Europa, 2012a).  

Shelia's Cake Decorating Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Shelia's Cake Decorating - Essay Example Aside from baked goods, light snacks such as sandwiches and salads is also offered. Aside from the delights from the bakeshop, customers in need of a specialized cake with plain or even elaborate decorations can be ordered from here. The prices are very competitive and lead time for orders is only a day’s notice. There is also a bookshelf in the nook that contains classic literary books that can be read. Since the bakeshop is a place to meet for different reasons, there is a cork board where messages can be written . The place is envisioned as an important part of one’s routine since sipping coffee, reading newspapers, and buying goodies for children waiting at home is a joyful task that can be accomplished in Sheila’s Bakeshop. In the next few years, it would have more loyal customers patronizing its wider array of baked goods. New customers will be gained as word of mouth advertisement will work effectively for the promotion of the bakeshop. Many satisfied cust omers would refer the bakeshop to family, friend, and clients. As the bakeshop gains reputation for having baked goods served with friendly service , it may develop another franchise in some parts of the city. Sheila’s Cake Decorating and Bakeshop is a sole proprietorship type of business. The owner has extensively trained in baking at international baking schools under the tutelage of renowned bake decorating professionals. More importantly, The owner is also an MBA graduate from Wharton University specializing in Finance. The owner has substantial personal savings invested in this business; however, a loan from one of the private banks will boost the capital formation in terms of baking equipments that needs to be purchased. The main goal of Sheila’s Cake Decorating and Bakeshop is to supply the demands of the population for baked products as well as give the most artistic cake decoration that is reasonably priced. Nevertheless,

Anthropology of Marxists, Marxians, and Marxish Essay

Anthropology of Marxists, Marxians, and Marxish - Essay Example The Hegelian system formulated the idea of self-consciousness that derived secular terms such as ‘the man’. This term created religious conceptions that characterized what would be a moral man whose basis drew from moral, political, theological among a list of other traits. In this text, Rosas as Marxian criticizes the way in which people along the Mexican border cannot be free to roam around their nation because of the intensified border patrols mounted by the USA in this territory. Essentially, when Rosas speaks to some Mexicans they tell him that they are only free when they live in the sewer lines that connect the USA and Mexico, which is basically an effect of capitalism. In most cases, those that seek to go to the USA to seek better opportunities opt to use the sewer line that connects the states of Sonora and Arizona, for the fear of being subjected to humiliating checks at the border (Rosas 2). Most of them attract the stereotype that they could be drug peddlers, which most might not be the case hence making it hard for them to access or receive US citizenship, which is a social conflict that Rosas seeks to address. Here, Foucault argues that subjects that fell under an individual in power had no option but to put their lives at risk for this person because what mattered was him to maintain his authority without caring about what would happen to them. Foucault criticizes ‘the right under the power of life and death’ because this meant those in power had the authority to take life as well as this was the law. The argument embedded here is that the western powers have borrowed from this archaic law that was applicable especially in Rome by introducing ‘deduction’, which encompasses incitement, bossing around, control and optimization among a list of other traits as elements of being in power (Foucault Michel 79).

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline Essay

Porters generic strategies for Glaxo Smith Kline - Essay Example With a higher value, consumers will most likely be ready to pay an extra price, giving the firm a competitive advantage over other firms. Porter also identified the focus strategy whereby a firm concentrates on a particular segment in the market whereby it may have an advantage in regard to the cost or differentiation of products (Porter, 1998). This paper presents the application of Porter’s generic strategies in GlaxoSmithKline, which is a pharmaceutical company offering a variety of products for treatment of various diseases. Differentiation strategy is highlighted as the mostly commonly used strategy, although the organization uses the cost leadership strategy. The differentiation and cost leadership strategies are applied by the organization to maintain its competitiveness. The organization is usually involved in market research to ensure that it satisfies a wide range of consumers with various illnesses such as; asthma, diabetes, cancer and heart problems among many other pharmaceutical products that are essential for severe ailments. The firm also produces vaccines that are essential for protecting healthy people from severe diseases such as hepatitis and tetanus among others. Consumers are also provided with healthcare products that they can readily access from the shops for their day to day uses. These include painkillers such as panadol and hygienic products such as aquafresh tooth paste. Lucozade is also an energy drink that is used globally (Chandon, 2004). The differentiation strategy of GlaxoSmithKline significantly helps in maintaining profitability in the highly competitive pharmaceutical industry. The firm’s products are of unique quality and consumers attach a high value to them. This is mainly as a result of the perception that the firm possesses the capacity of offering most of the highly needed pharmaceutical products. The highly

Measures of Personality Research Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1500 words

Measures of Personality Research - Essay Example Appreciating the fact that human behavior falls into certain personality types and groups makes us less judgmental when observing someone's behaviour (Renee 1998). We see behavior that's quite in contrast to our own actually follows a pattern exhibited by many people of that type. Understanding these differences enables us to communicate in more efficient ways when we know another's personality type. Two important personality indicators in widespread use are the Meyer-Briggs Type Index and the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory. The Meyers-Briggs Type Index or MBTI is a personality test indicating an individual's personality preferences or type of personality he or she is, for example whether the person is largely extroverted or introverted, whether thought or intuition dominates the mental processes. The results of this test offers indications as to which work situations an employee might be best suited, and if they are in conflict or in harmony. The MBTI was developed by Katherine Briggs and her daughter Isabel Myers in the 1920's and published in 1975 having undergone stringent testing for validity and reliability. The method is based on Swiss psychologist Carl Jung, who talked of personality types in his book Psychological Types (Quenk 1999) Although the MBTI has been around since 1956, it wasn't until 1975 that it became available to all qualified professionals who could administer the test and since then over 30 million people have taken part in it. It is now one of the most widely used personality test tools with an annual use of about 2 million people (Quenk 1999). The MBTI gives individuals a greater understanding of themselves. The different indicators of personality show that people communicate and decide upon things differently. The various personality type preferences can sway experiences, learning, life choices and the things that motivate people. It is a framework for gaining insights into the personality of others and also our own. Since the tool of use is a self-report questionnaire, it is not actually a test since there are no right or wrong answers, but acts as an indicator looking at normal behavior. Rather than identifying skills, abilities, competencies, the indicator scrutinizes preferences. The indicator does not favor some personality traits over others and each is considered to have its own merits. The MBTI is a useful tool to build teams in a workplace, act as a career guidance for students or job seekers and provide a gauge for leadership qualities. The MBTI consists of 4 scales of opposite preferences or dichotomies (Quenk 1999). 1) The manner in which we channel personal energy can be either through Extraversion or Introversion. E or I. Extroverts channel their energies outwards. They show a keen interest in the people and things and receive energy from communicating and interacting with others. Introverts channel their energies inwardly and show greater interests in thoughts and reflective ideas. 2) The manner in which we absorb external information can be through Sensing or iNtution. S or N. Individuals who show tendencies towards sensing, favor absorbing information from the five senses of sight, sound, smell, touch and taste. They