Transcendentalim and Walden Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Transcendentalim and Walden - Essay Example int hum of a mosquito making its invisible and unimaginable tour through my apartment at earliest dawn, when I was sitting with door and windows open, as I could be by any trumpet that ever sang of fame. It was Homer’s requiem; itself and Iliad and Odyssey in the air, singing its own wrath and wanderings. There was something cosmical about it; a standing advertisement, till forbidden, of the everlasting vigor and fertility of the world. The morning which is the most memorable season of the day, is the awakening hour. Then there is least somnolence in us; and for an hour, at least, some part of us awakes which slumbers all the rest of the day and night. Little is to be expected of that day, if it can be called a day, to which we are not awakened by our Genius, but by the mechanical nudgings of some servitor†¦Ã¢â‚¬  (Thoreau 140). According to Walden, Henry David Thoreau’s Walden is a manuscript of self-reliance, a social experiment that reflects upon simple living in natural surroundings. The book employs elements of transcendentalism, an idealistic philosophical movement developed by Immanuel Kant that is based on the idea that to understand life, one must enter an intuitive process of personal introspection. This paper employs close reading techniques to show how elements of transcendentalism are exemplified in the excerpt. The paper also discusses figures of speech, diction, tone, and the general use of words in Thoreau’s Walden, to explain their effectiveness in relaying Thoreau’s message of simple living. Spiritual awakening, simplicity, individualism, and being one with nature are some of the elements of transcendentalism that unshackle human beings from the traditional ideologies of conformity and materialism. Transcendentalism is a philosophical movement that champions for self-independence and self-reliance of the individual in society. It was developed by transcendentalists in the early 1820s and 1830s. Transcendentalism is exemplified by various

How Apple Positioning in Market Essay Example for Free

How Apple Positioning in Market Essay Policy making now, more aptly, simply describes the development of organizational policies. Some policies appertain at the highest levels and are essential elements of the organizations strategy. But, the vast majority of policies apply at lower levels and are operational in nature. Policymaking is the act of creating laws or setting standards for a government or business. Policy also provides the framework and sets the parameters for planning. The purpose of public planning is to outline how policies will be implemented in practice. Very simply, policies are standing plans that provide guidelines for decision making. They are guides to thinking that establish the boundaries or limits within which decisions are to be made. Within these boundaries, judgment must be exercised. The degree of discretion permitted will vary from policy to policy Policy making is concerned with the formulation of general statements or understandings that guide or channel managerial decisions. Policies, whether written or implied, are essential components of a companys planning framework because they simplify the making of recurring decisions and facilitate the delegation of these decisions. Successive delegations tend to result in a hierarchy of policies within traditional organizations. In organizations where empowerment is practiced, the principal function of policies is to provide essential limits to otherwise broad employee discretion. â€Å"Planning is deciding in advance what to do, when to do how to do. It bridges the gap from where we are where we want to be†. A plan is a future course of actions. It is an exercise in problem solving decision making. Planning is determination of courses of action to achieve desired goals. Thus, planning is a systematic thinking about ways means for accomplishment of pre-determined goals. It is not overly far-fetched to suggest that without policies, because of excessive analysis and the concentration of decisions at the top, corporate decision making in the hierarchical firm could be slowed to the point of bringing operations to a virtual standstill. Conversely, in the empowered organization, there would be the potential for complete lack of control and chaos. Yet, in todays fast-moving business world there is also the great danger of policies becoming rapidly outmoded. For this reason, audits and ongoing reviews are a must if a companys policies are to remain effective decision guides. Read more: http://www.referenceforbusiness.com/encyclopedia/Per-Pro/Policies-and-Policy-Making.html#ixzz2RqlWjxBP Planning is the basic function of management. It deals with chalking out a future course of action deciding in advance the most appropriate course of actions for achievement of pre-determined goals. According to KOONTZ, Planning is necessary to ensure proper utilization of human non-human resources. It is all pervasive, it is an intellectual activity and it also helps in avoiding confusion, uncertainties, risks, wastages etc.

Physical activity levels among student nurses Essay -- Education, Hea

Introduction of the literature review. The literature review aims at developing the current and, existing knowledge regarding the physical activity in the area of nursing and student nurses, as well as analysing the omissions in the literature within the physical activity among nursing students . An online search was conducted using databases such as Medline, Cinahl, ASSIA, EBSCO, and Science Direct. The limitation of the literature time frame located from 2000 – 2010, using the key words: Physical activity- physical exercise –nursing students –physical activity levels-students .Various combinations of the key- words above were used to improve the analysis of collected and produced research papers and reports - related to the topic. The literature generated includes :clinical ,educational papers and policy document on physical activity. Moreover, the researcher papers published from international sources outside the United Kingdom (UK) ,were considered, because their findings could b e compared to the one in the United Kingdom. In addition ,the literature based on activities, diet and other lifestyle issues amongst general nurses were also included to develop the knowledge base in this area. The results of the search generated approximately 20 articles by which, the researcher decided to review .Most of the literature generated ,investigated the health promotion related behaviour and physical activity among nursing students and nurses. Although a few articles were explicitly based on physical activity in nursing students, the documentation generated combined health behaviours such as physical activity, healthy eating, and fitness, mainly because these three indicators are relevant to a healthy lifestyle. Ana... ...main concerns of student nurses. In conclusion, the studies reviewed recognised various studies that have analysed the PA and other health lifestyles within nursing students’. Many of these studies conclude that, it is even more vital that nursing students improve their health behaviours within areas of health promotion such as PA. This report has identified the gap in the literature about concerning the recommended amount of physical education within the female students’ nurse. Since, they are the future health care providers and role models to the public. Therefore, by conducting this study, the findings of this study will add knowledge to the literature and ,could help to close the gap in nurse student' participation in PA. This will justify the purpose of conducting this research. The following are the research aim, theme, and objectives of this study.

Marketing Segmentation Essay

The selection of segmentation method and a doctor’s diagnosis are similar in that they both use a process of elimination to narrow down the field to find the correct product for the customer, or diagnosis for a patient. The doctor begins with a series of questions, and basic testing to â€Å"start segmenting the market†, once the doctor has a better understanding of the possible ailments, the â€Å"product mix† is identified and she is able serve the customer/diagnose the problem. A general doctor begins his assessment with more of a mass marketing effort, meaning there is a huge width and depth of possible diagnosis, but once she is able to narrow down the field she begins to segment. Whereas a specialist, i.e. dermatologist is already working in a segmented market and has the ability to better understand potential and actual customers, from the get. In both cases segmentation helps the doctor to better understand their market and serve their customers well. Describe a products consumer product type and the associated market mix considerations. Clinique even better clinical dark spot remover is a specialty product that I recently purchased. I was willing to purchase this product at a high cost based on the reputation of the brand and the promotional promises of reducing age spots. I immediately thought this product would work because it was Clinique. The marketing mix for this product all fall within the specialty product category. The product is a luxury item, it is more expensive than your average corrective cream, you can only buy it in department stores and the promotion stresses brand status. I would guess this product’s target market is women in their mid-thirties to mid-fifties, above average income, concerned with their health and moderately active. Product – Luxury product Price – Expensive Place – Limited and exclusive, few outlets per market Promotion – Targeted communication, stress brand stratus. â€Å"Price Sensitivity Effects†. 1.Unique Value Effect – A Rolex watch has low price sensitivity and is a product in which the unique attributes of the product are highly valuable. 2.Switching Cost Effect – High costs incurred if switch is made to a different product (low price sensitivity). An example of the switching cost effect with low price sensitivity my bi-annual switch from one Cable Company to their competition. No costs are incurred for me, and the competition typically bends over backwards to get my business. 3.Difficult Comparison Effect – Kodak vs. Nikon would be an example of difficult comparison effect, both brands are reputable and the projects are at a higher price point. I would be more price sensitive when purchasing because they are both great. The brand is known as reputable and comparisons are easy to make, (high price sensitivity) 4.Price-Quality Effect – price used as a signal in judging quality (low). When I purchase soda, I go for the lowest price and look for a sale. 5.Shared-Cost Effect – others will pay for a large portion of the cost of the product. If my company helped to pay for my MBA I would be less sensitive to the pricing, because I wouldn’t have to shoulder the burden of the whole cost.

Lasting Effects of Nuclear Arms Race and Cold War Essay

The cold war and the armed race have been regarded as one of the insecurity problem in the world of today. Cold war can be regarded as the state which involved the conflict, fear and competition between the allies of the United States of America and the Soviet Union with other counties which were allied. This cold war was felt in the period between the years of 1940s and the 1990s. At this period the war was fought by the use of the propagandas, military advancements, technological advancements and the weapon development which is generally referred as the arms race. During this period there was a lot of the defense spending by the member countries involved, many wars and the development of the hatred between the countries which were involved. This war was characterized by the increased hatred between the member countries. Thus this war was characterized by indirect attacks, thus it can be regarded as the war of words as the superpowers never fought directly. The cold war and the arms race have had profound lasting effects in the economic, political and the social growth of the world. This paper tries to analyze the lasting effects which were created as a result of this cold war and the arms race in general. At the same this paper tries to bring out the methods and the organization of this cold war and the milestone in the arms race in that time of the cold war up to the present world. The end of the cold war does not mean the end of the nuclear dangers. For instance the world is under the second nuclear danger, which is felt through the consequate terrorist attacks and the space missile advancements. (Bourantonis 48-55). The cold war has been regarded as the origin of the nuclear danger in the world up to date. It has been noted that it has created a dangerous world which makes the citizens of different countries to live with a lot of fear. This can be regarded as one of the dangerous challenge which the world superpowers such as the United States of America have ever experienced. The cold war has brought the basic realities of the arms race in the community at large. According to President Reagan, â€Å"nuclear war can not be won and should never be fought†. The cold war can be regarded as a long-term product which was created by the competition and proud ness between the world super powers (Bourantonis 48). In contrast to the fact that the United States, the Soviet Union, France and Britain had joined hands against the axis powers, this led even to much disintegration afterwards which has since reduced the developmental cooperation. There have been major disagreements between these states on regard to the direction of the post war world. ASfter the end of this cold war the military powers were mostly possessed by the Soviet Union and the United States of America while the axis powers occupied most of the Europe economic land. After the end of the cold war, it was believed that the nuclear danger had also come to an end, but this is not through up to date. Still there are many issues which need to be answered in relation to the political, social and economic developments. This has been not in light since the nuclear powers had been initially neglected. After the year of 1991 when the cold war ended many people believed that there would be better trends which shall promote the security of the world, but that has proved to be a nightmare. The effects of the cold war have not stopped but instead they have reversed their direction. It is true that there is a new era of the arms race which can be regarded as the second nuclear age (Buchanan, Tom 75-79). The United States of America taught that the expansion of the Soviet Union would threaten the developing nations. Thus in the year of 1949 Mr. Truman who was then the president of United States of America had negotiated four hundred dollars from the congress for the promotion of the technical developments in the Latin America ,Africa and Asia. But such a move was not to develop these countries but to prevent the spread and growth of the communism principles which were supported by the Soviet Union (Byrad, Peter 68-69) . Consequently the United States of America and other Western powers made alliances to act against the attempts of the Soviet in extending their influences in the word, both in the economic and the political matters. After the end of the cold war there was a lot of the dictatorship among the countries in the western sphere. For instance in the year of 1949 the united states of America decided to sign a treat which was commonly known as the North Atlantic Treaty, where by the members said that the if any country which was a member was attacked, then it would be considered as an attack to all (Cowley 33-35). In response to this the Soviet formed an alliance commonly known as the Warsaw Pact. As a result of this arms race many countries in the world have a lot of the nuclear weapons which has generally endangered the world security. Although the nuclear arms decrease is the main aim of most of the countries, some of the negotiation process has consequently failed. The first arms negotiation which took place in Moscow between Moscow and Washington in the year of the 1969 aimed at reducing the massive weapons which were established during the cold war failed. Consequently there was the formation of the ABM Treaty in the year of 1972 between the Moscow and Washington, whereby it was agreed that the involved countries would reduce the nuclear missile system, but this treaty has been in jeopardy. At the same time there was the formation of the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treat (NPT), which was one of the arms treat which was negotiated in the post war era. This NPT treaty which was signed in the year of 1968 was considered as one of the most important treaty which would have improved the security of the world but it has been constantly claimed that it was a plot between Moscow and Washington to promote their own interests (Crocker 27) Actually the conflict which is in the high degree between the Soviet Union and the Western world as been regarded as the basic catalyzing factor which is increasing the arms race in the present world (Dobrynini15). Although the collapse of the Soviet union in the year of 1991 was seen as the end of the arms race, this is not true. There is a lot of political struggles in the present world which has promoted the insecurity thus taking the place of the cold war. As the increase of the nuclear dangers is still felt in the present world, then the nuclear powers will not justify before the global world the reasons why they are holding their nuclear production strategies. The present world has tremendously changed. After the fall of the Berlin wall and the end of the cold war, the world had prophesized the end of the bipolar powers and the establishment of the multpolar powers. (Ericson 12-14). The United States of America had consequently has taken a new relationship by claiming that they are building an everlasting environment for solving their former nuclear disputes. For instance the United States government claims that it has taken a peace full dialogue of arms disarmament so as to reduce the arms powers in the world. But this method is not operational since other countries posses the nuclear weapons secretly without exposing them. The present world can be regarded as a world with increased threats. The world has reached in an era which makes the countries to push for the national security . Friedman, Norman (69), says that† As the cold war threat of massive nuclear strike has receded, new threats have emerged related to the proliferation of weapons of mass destruction and ballistic missiles†. At this century we are seeing a different picture which is developing slowly in the world. The arms control treats has totally collapsed. For instance the START treaty has reduced it s function since 1993 and it is in the process of breaking down. At the same time the ABM treaty is also in limbo due to the fact that the United States of America has decided to construct the missile defense systems. This defense system has consequently led to a lot of conflicts between Russia and the United States of America. The United States of America had requested Russia to comply with the amendments of the Start treaty so as to allow the United States of America to establish it s missile defense systems but Russia has constantly refused by arguing that the missile system may destabilize the nuclear race balance between the member countries. This missile defense system may be regarded as one way of the arms race in existence in the present world. Generally the post cold war time has proved to be having the bad conditions in regard to the nuclear arms control. The international interactions between many countries have deteriorated to a great extent. The economic developments have reduced between United States of America and Russia due to effect of the nuclear weapons development by these two powers. These two countries have been regarded as the forcing powers in the control of the nuclear weapons in the world. The nuclear weapons were consequently used by the United States of America and Russia. These nuclear weapons have a lot of impact in the world of today as they can destroy the entire world in general. Both indirectly and directly, the nuclear weapons have a profound effects in the relations between the United states of America and Russia (Soviet Union). Regardless of the fact that the United states of America and Russia have a particular duty in the development of the world s nuclear weapons policies, they have been implicated in the nuclear mess as they have experienced many problems from their creation. As a result the world security council has created the nuclear policies which regulate the arms development in the world. Russia and the United States of America are regarded as the leaders of the nuclear weapons development. At the same time the other countries has emerged successfully in the production of the lethal weapons such as the atomic bombs and some long range missiles which can be used in the war periods to deliver the nuclear devices from a long distance. For instance the relationship of the Russia and the United States of America as been in a difficult state as a result of the nuclear development between these two nations which have been regarded as super powers at one instance. When Bolsheviks was declared the leader of Russia, United states of America developed some enemity with the Soviet Union and it consequently cancelled the diplomatic links with the Soviet Union until the year of 1934 (Wolf 35-39). But in the year of 1941 United states of America and the Soviet united against Germany. The end of the Second World War which was characterized by the arms race between the countries led to the creation of two major alliances which served as the arms block. These alliances came to be known as NATO and the Warsaw Treaty. These two alliances were greatly involved in the cold war. The countries which were involved were supposed to adhere to the principles of either the USSR or United States of America in terms the political, economc and the military practices. In reward to their participation these countries would gain some security. This type of collaboration would be regarded as a type of colonialism. The Soviet Union and The United states of America had a cold war instead of a real war which is usually characterized by the participation of the military. As a result those countries which not allied to either the United States of America or USSR block started looking for means of creating their own nuclear weapons. For instance some countries like Britain and China succeeded. Thus this led to the establishment of five general nuclear powers which included the USSR, USA, Britain, France and China (Blum, William, 15-30). The long term effects of the arms race can be detected in the nuclear terrorism. Many of the terrorist groups such as the Al Qaeda have consequently used the same lethal weapons which were produced during the cold war. Most of the arms which are used in the terrorism attacks originate from the inferior countries which were developing the nuclear weapons silently. Not only that the arms race ended during the end of the cold war, but also the arms race is on progress. For instance many countries such as India, North Korea, Pakistan and Pakistan have constantly started to develop the nuclear weapons . This countries argue that they are carrying out peace full technological research. This is regarded as one method of establishing the nuclear weapons without the presence of the cold war. The historical lesson behind the nuclear weapons development is that those who develop them are responding to the fear that they may be attacked. As President Roosevelt quoted† The Soviet Union then raced to build the bomb because it feared the nuclear might of the United†. Consequently it might be established that the Indian government tested it s military for fear of the Chinese nuclear might. At the same time China carried out it s bomb tests because they feared the nuclear advancement of the Soviet Union and The United States (Breslauer, George, 37-38). There is a series of the threats and on the other hand some counter threats in the present world that links with the cold war are springing in the southern Asia and this links the future establishments of the nuclear weapons in the region. It has been quoted that many nations have developed nuclear weapons as a result of the regional reasons (Edelheit, Hershel, 45). In general the post cold war has a lot of lasting developments. There are no effective measures which can be used to eliminate the nuclear weapons. This is the emergence of the nuclear dangers. In this world, the nuclear advancement to other nations and the nuclear proliferation of the present nuclear powers can be regarded as the second dangerous era. The other lasting effects of this cold war and the arms race in general are that, the economic growth of the involved countries decreased. The expenses of the United States of America were high. Many American armies lost their lives in the Korea and Vietnam wars. Consequently the Soviet soldiers lost their lives also. Other people died in the Western Asia since the Asian soil was commonly used as the fighting ground of the axis powers. At the same time after the collapse of the cold war, Russia cut the military numbers. This step led to the unemployment of many people. Consequently after the Russian government started the capitalist reforms, it suffered the financial constrains which is more severe than the great depression of the 1930. In general the living standards in Russia have reduced during this post cold war period(Aslund, Anders 54). The environmental effect of this cold war and the arms race is one of the outstanding effects to the citizens of the involved countries. For instance the bombs which could explode caused a lot of environment pollution in the present world. The Japan bombing by the United States of America led to the release of the dangerous gases which have since then led to the birth deformity of the subsequent generations. Moreover the remains of these lethal weapons have caused a lot of air pollution and soil pollution. Even up to date the effect of such bombings is felt, many people lost their people whom they depended on to provide the daily live hood. The cold war up to date serves as one of the influential force in the world affairs, for instance the political roles in the United States of America are determined by the cold war, the ones who were supporters of the communistic groups have no much support. Those were against the Soviet Union are regarded as the true sons of the American soil thus they get much political benefits. Following the effect of McCarthyism theory which led to many prosecution of those w leading top much suffering. Thus in conclusion it can be determined that the cold war and the arms race in general has a lasting effect in the worlds up to date. Works cited Andrew, Christopher; Mitrokhin, Vasili, the Sword and the Shield: The Mitrokhin Archive and the Secret History of the KGB. Basic Books, 2000. Anatoly (2001), In Confidence: Moscow’s Ambassador to Six Cold War Presidents, University of Washington Press, 2001. Aslund, Anders, â€Å"How small is the Soviet National Income? † 1999. Blum, William, Rogue State: A Guide to the World’s Only Superpower, Zed Books 2006. Bourantonis, Dimitris, A United Nations for the Twenty-first Century: Peace, Security, and Development, Martinus Nijhoff Publishers, 1996. Breslauer, George, Gorbachev and Yeltsin as Leaders. Cambridge University Press. 2002. Buchanan Tom. Europe’s Troubled Peace, 1945-2000. Blackwell Publishing. 2005. Byrd, Peter. â€Å"Cold War†. In Iain McLean & Alistair McMillan. The Concise Oxford Dictionary of Politics. Oxford University Press. 2003. Charles Jr. The Impoverished Superpower: Perestroika and the Soviet Military Burden. California Institute for Contemporary Studies. 2000. Cowley, Robert, The Reader’s Companion to Military History, Houghton Mifflin Books, 1996 Crocker, Chester; Fen Hampson & Pamela Aall, Leashing the Dogs of War: Conflict Management in a Divided World, US Institute of Peace Press, 2007. Dobrynin, Edelheit, Hershel and Abraham. A World in Turmoil: An Integrated Chronology of the Holocaust and World War II. Greenwood Publishing Group. 1991. Ericson, Edward E, Feeding the German Eagle: Soviet Economic Aid to Nazi Germany, 1933–1941, Greenwood Publishing Group, 1999, pp12-14. Friedman, Norman (2007). The Fifty-Year War: Conflict and Strategy in the Cold War. 2007. pp62-69 .

Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising from a deontological point of view Essay Example

Direct Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising from a deontological point of view Essay Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising from a deontological point of view Essay Name: Course: Instructor: Date: Direct-to-Consumer Drug Advertising from a deontological point of view Direct-to-consumer advertising or DTC advertising refers to the mode of marketing that involves mainly medical products. The primary targets of direct to consumer advertising are the patients rather than the healthcare experts or other stakeholders. DTC advertising is regulated by the Food and Drugs Administration agency that sets out the annual revised guidelines for pharmaceutical drug promotion. The most common forms of DTC advertising feature on radio, TV, print and other forms of media. Currently, only the United States and New Zealand have legalized DTC advertising. DTC drug advertising had experienced various scandals in USA, such as in 2004 when Vioxx was withdrawn from the market, after safety alerts were issued over its consumption. The Kant approach toward direct-to-consumer drug marketing, seeks to understand the intentions of the pharmaceutical companies and to determine if their actions are pure. These companies have two motives in engaging in DTC marketing: one, to market their products and two, to maintain constructive discussion about the drugs with the patients and doctors. These two motives already show a conflict of interest as most of the information is designed not to inform but to sell. The Kantian model stresses the importance of the ability to reason and freedom. The advertisements cunningly lie to the consumers by manipulating their thoughts and hiding the truth about the drug. These companies also aggressively market drugs for non-life threatening diseases such as flu while the drugs for chronic illnesses such as cancer, malaria and AIDS are carefully concealed from the public eye (Arfwedson 14). The main argument against allowing the uncontrolled airing of DTC advertisements on the media is that, they influence sick people to select various brands of medicine that they may not need medically. Most of the advertisements are normally done by professionals and not medical practitioners who understand the consequences of their speech. A cholesterol drug advert hosted by the drug company, Pfizer, recommended patients to take the drug even though each sick patient had their own unique complications. These adverts prompted patients to diagnose themselves that may be fatal for them later. The advertisements can also be sometimes misleading as the drug may not necessarily be able to cure the disease. Although direct-to-consumer marketing of pharmaceutical drugs is packaged as trying to increase the levels of consumer knowledge among patients, the real intention of DTC advertising is to drive choice among consumers. The drug companies typically attempt to drive the choice of consumers towards expensive brands of drugs. Consumers were most likely to be given a drug if the mentioned it by name. In the modern economy, the medical practitioners are more inclined to provide consumers with the medicine that they demand instead of advising on the best drugs to take. The real culprits in this chain however, are the pharmaceutical companies who persuade doctors to market their drugs (Norris 67). The implementation of direct-to-consumer drug advertising in New Zealand and the United States alone goes a long way in illustrating the delicate nature of this marketing. These two countries have some of the highest rates of literacy that means that a large part of the population can understand the risk, benefits and consequences of DTC drug marketing. The two countries are also economically sound which means that the consumers have the purchasing power to support the market niche. Lastly, both New Zealand and the USA have strong agencies that are responsible for the safe administration of the DTC drug advertising. A section of medical practitioners and economists has argued that direct-to-consumer drug marketing increases the burden on the taxpayer unfairly. The aggressive marketing of expensive drugs directly to consumers has increased the amount of purchases made by sick people. The issue of the increased cost of acquiring medical assistance has also been covered within the current USA healthcare plan proposed by Obama. The new plan receives most of its funds from schemes such as the direct-to-consumer drug advertising and therefore, even the new Obama government may not be ready to reform the regulations controlling DTC drug advertising. The citizens of the US and New Zealand may continue suffering in the hands of the private medical sector. Direct-to-consumer drug advertising has also exposed consumers to many pharmaceutical products that may not necessarily be approved by the FDA. DTC drug marketing has introduced new products such as fillers and gels that had undergone approval deliberations by the FDA. However, in the private medical domain, the usage of gels and fillers in cosmetic surgery is a common procedure despite the cancer risks associated with including such substances into the body. Direct-to-consumer advertising has therefore promoted off-label uses that expose the patients to more medical complications. Individuals and organizations are bound to do what is morally right in spite of the consequences. Modern doctors have instead placed economic priorities as the key guiding factor in their profession (Brekke 145). The advent of direct-to-consumer drug marketing can be said to have contributed greatly towards the overall economies of USA and New Zealand. From the time of inception of DTC drug advertisement, the health sectors in both countries have witnessed increased income from the purchase of drugs by patients. This increased income can be used by the government to improve the living conditions and health standards in the countries that will translate into lower mortality rates, infection rates and increased life expectancies. Using this argument, the DTC approach to bringing more pharmaceutical information to the consumers can be argued as being highly moral and economically beneficial (Mintzes 76-9). Work cited Arfwedson, Jacob. Who Wants to Know? Direct-to-consumer Advertising and Patient Information. S.l.: Center for Medicine in the Public Interest, 2008. Print. Brekke, Kurt R. Direct to Consumer Advertising in Pharmaceutical Markets. , 2005. Accessed on 31 August 2012. Retrieved from http://heb.rokkan.uib.no/publications/files/87-Notat09_03.pdf Mintzes, Barbara. Direct-to-consumer Advertising of Prescription Drugs in Canada: What Are the Public Health Implications? Toronto: Health Council of Canada, 2006. Accessed on 31 August 2012. Retrieved from healthcouncilcanada.ca/tree/2.38-hcc_dtc-advertising_200601_e_v6.pdf Norris, Rebecca L. The Effects of Videographics and Information Delivery Style on Attention and Recognition in Direct-to-Consumer Prescription Drug Advertising. Columbia, Mo: University of Missouri-Columbia, 2008. Accessed on 31 August 2012. Retrieved from https://mospace.umsystem.edu/xmlui/bitstream/handle/10355/5757/research.pdf?sequence=3

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays

Combat-Support Air Operations Essays Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Combat-Support Air Operations Essay Q. What are Combat Support Air Operations? ANS: Combat-Support Air Operations 1. Combat Support air operations provide support in air operations to deploy and operate operations of an airbase and the linked services. Air Combat support is essential to the delivery of other warfare functions and may also support and enhance the capability of inter related elements from the deep or ground forces or other agencies. Combat Support capabilities include the provision of aircraft and civil engineering, logistics, airport facilities, workforce and health facilities. A successful combat support air operation relies greatly on personnel interoperability achieved through appropriate training. Under mention are some of the combat support air operations substantiating the significance of these operations. Search and Rescue Operations 2. Search and Rescue operations really have evolved to great extent in the modern days. With its speed and coverage, the aircraft can search large areas previously unreachable or difficult to reach over by any mean. 3. Also referred to as combat search and rescue (CSAR) operation uses aircraft usually helicopters to locate and rescue personnel in distress and, in particular, to recover aircrew who have abandoned their aircraft. CSAR operations contribute to the prosecution of the air campaigns by: (a) Denying the enemy a potential source of intelligence (b) Promoting high morale amongst aircrew . Today special versions of aircrafts and helicopters are used for the search and rescue purpose like H-60 in the search and rescue mode and occasionally used special operations versions of the Sikorsky CH-53 Stallion heavy-lift helicopter in the rescue role. Heavily modified versions of the CH-53 are also used for this mission. Equipped with the latest in navigation and sensor gear, they can fly deep behind enemy lines to rescue downed airmen. They were used to rescue a downed F -117 stealth fighter pilot in Yugoslavia in 1999, rescue pilots in the Persian Gulf War and to rescue F-16 pilot Scott OGrady when he was shot down over Bosnia in 1995. Surveillance and Reconnaissance 5. In conflict and war strategic and tactical reconnaissance missions are vital for timely information exploitation. Surveillance and reconnaissance is an observation of air, space, surface, or subsurface areas, places, persons, or things, by visual, aural, electronic, photographic, or other means. Surveillance is a continuing process, not oriented to a specific target, while reconnaissance looks for specific information and generally has a time constraint. It is the acquisition, processing, analysis, fusion, exploitation and dissemination of accurate, timely, relevant and assured information to provide the battle space awareness essential to successful planning and conduct of operations. It integrates capabilities from all components and sources to increase the flexibility, effectiveness, and responsiveness of coalition forces by reducing uncertainties in the decision-making process. Air and space forces will be involved in the collection of information, and play a key role in its analysis and dissemination. Equally, accurate post-attack reconnaissance and battle damage assessment are essential, not only to determine whether to mount further attacks, but also for assessing the likely impact of the results achieved and the process also known as combat assessment. 6. 1996, Canberra PR9 detachment was sent to Zaire in support of Operation Purposeful. The aim was to provide high quality imagery to determine the location of refugees in central Africa, as part of a multi-national force which was being assembled for a perceived humanitarian aid mission to eastern Zaire. A reconnaissance intelligence cell formed part of the detachment, allowing rapid interpretation of the data and fast transmission. When non-governmental organizations reported large concentrations of refugees in the area the Canberra’s mounted searches, but their reconnaissance revealed far fewer refugees than reported. Thus the mooted multi-national force was deemed unnecessary and consequently was not deployed. Air transport 7. Air transport provides a facility to deploy forces, equipment and provide coverage quickly and over large distances. Transport is absolutely essential for armed forces with global commitments. The swift operation, supply or migration means the ability can compensate for a smaller force or lack of numbers. . Air transport operations can be conducted to provide strategic, operational and tactical level support for all types of sea, land and air forces. Following are the examples of air transport operations 8. Argentina started the war in Falkland and had a plan on how to defend the islands. The military dictatorship that governed the country at the time regarded the seizure of the Falklands as a political act to obtain a diplomatic bargaining position, and not as an act of war. Consequently they were taken by surprise when the United Kingdom responded and took back the islands. 9. In 1990 more than thousands of personnel were deployed During Operation Desert Storm by US Air force. They in turn were supported by thousands of their paisano throughout the Air Force who kept supplies, food, equipment, communications, information, plans, and medical support coming to them throughout the clash. In addition, thousands of medical personnel were deployed to Europe for support. 10. It was due to the Air Transport that Berlin sustained the winter of 1949. Therefore, air power was engaged in a mission with striking tactical blow. On other occasions such as Eritrea in 1984 and Sarajevo in 1993, air transport has been the dominant role for air power. 11. Airlift. Airlift is the ability to transport personnel and equipment through the air. Airlift offers a high degree of speed, range, and flexibility. Airlift allows commanders to respond and operate in a wide variety of situations and time frames that would be unfeasible through other modes of transportation. Airlift is defined by the nature of the mission i. . (a)Special operations support (b)Combat employment and re supply (c) Passenger and cargo movement, (d) Aero medical evacuation 12. Air refueling. Air refueling allows air assets to rapidly reach any trouble spot around the world with less dependence on forward staging bases. Air refueling extends the range, consignment, time-on-task and suppleness of aircraft. The refueling of an aircraft in-flight by another aircraft supports the military strategy across the spectrum of conflict, from peacetime operations to nuclear war. It can be used to support all categories of air operation. Still, air refueling significantly expands the force options available to a commander by increasing the range, payload, loiter time, and flexibility of other Aircraft. US strike on Iraq and NATO operations in Afghanistan both had support of air refueling for rapid reach and timely deployment. 13. Airdrop. Airdrop allows commanders to contrive forces and material directly into otherwise unreachable areas including those behind enemy lines. However, airdrop requires extensive training, management, dedicated equipment, ropes, and suitable drop zones. This delivery method can be successful in accommodating and vague environments. 14. Air land. Many times air lifters offload their payloads after they have landed. This method is usually preferred because it minimizes the risk of injury to personnel, eliminates payload dispersal and reduces damage to equipment, and offers an increased availability of resources. This method requires convenient locations. Electronic Warfare Support 15. Electronic Warfare (EW) can be used to disrupt the enemy’s command and control links and facilities, his electromagnetic surveillance capabilities, his electromagnetic acquisition and targeting capabilities and his electronic combat capabilities. Airborne operations often take place well beyond the range of some intelligence assets, which otherwise could support the airborne force. EW operations involve the military use of electronics to determine, exploit, reduce or prevent the hostile use of the electromagnetic spectrum, and the actions taken by friendly forces to ensure they are still able to use it effectively. Military intelligence units provide the airborne force with teams for interrogation, EW, and signals intelligence collection as well as CI support. They also provide a key part of the system designed to quickly collect, analyze, and disseminate information to the airborne force. Electronic warfare is increasingly important to the success of all types of military operations. Specialist manned aircraft and unmanned air vehicles for EW support may be critical factors in support of air operations within the joint campaign. EW operations can be divided into three main roles: (a)Electronic Protection Measures. Electronic protection measures (EPM) involve active and passive measures taken to ensure the friendly use of the electromagnetic spectrum despite an opponent’s use of electronic warfare techniques. (b)Electronic countermeasures. Electronic countermeasures (ECM) involve the use of electromagnetic or directed energy to attack personnel, facilities and equipment with the intent of preventing or reducing an opponent’s effective use of the electromagnetic Spectrum three sub-categories of ECM are, Electronic jamming, Electronic neutralization and Electronic deception. (c)Electronic support measures. Electronic support measures (ESM) involve action taken to search for, intercept, identify and locate radiated electromagnetic energy to provide electronic warning and surveillance data for the commander. ESM are passive and therefore available for use in peace, crisis and war. 16. A fleet of Boeing E-3A Sentry Airborne Warning Control System (AWACS) aircraft operated by NATO, provides the Alliance with an immediately available airborne Command Control (C2), air and maritime surveillance and battle space management capability. NATO Air Base (NAB) Gelsenkirchen, Germany is home to 17 E-3A aircraft. The NE-3A is a modified Boeing 707 equipped with long-range radar and passive sensors capable of detecting air and surface contacts over large distances. The plot-extracted track data can be transmitted directly from the aircraft to other users on land, sea or in the air. NATO AWACS performs a unique and valuable role for the Alliance by conducting a wide range of diverse missions such as air policing, counter-terrorism, consequence management, Non-combatant Evacuation Operations (NEO), embargo, initial entry, crisis response and demonstrative force operations. In recent years, the force has been increasingly deployed on complex and demanding tactical missions, including support to maritime operations, Close Air Support (CAS), airspace management, Combat Search and Rescue (CSAR), disaster relief, counter piracy and numerous others. Since it commenced flying operations in 1982, the NAEW Force has proven to be a key asset in crisis-management and peace-support operations. Following the Iraqi invasion of Kuwait in 1990, aircraft from NATOs AWACS Component deployed to eastern Turkey to help reinforce NATOs southern flank during the war. Operation ANCHOR GUARD included monitoring air and sea traffic in the eastern Mediterranean and providing airborne surveillance along the Iraqi-Turkish border. The mission was conducted from August 1990 to March 1991. Aero Medical Evacuation (AME) 17. Aero medical evacuation is the rapid transportation of sick or injured personnel under medical supervision to appropriate medical care. Movement of patients normally requires specially qualified aero medical crewmembers to accompany the patient, special air traffic control considerations to comply with patient driven altitude and pressurization restrictions, and special aircraft systems medical equipment. 18. More than one million patients were successfully moved by air during World War II. During World War II the U. S. armed forces had their first extensive experience with aero medical mass departure, in which 712,000 Americans were wounded i. e. almost four times of the number in World War I. Because unbearable wounds or illnesses frequently occurred in remote areas very far from modern medical facilities and soldiers and airmen often required aero medical evacuation. Even in Western Europe, aero medical evacuation offered both medical and logistical advantages. Unusual Operations Support 19. Provision of airdrop support to special operations for mutual training, contingencies, operations other than war, and other missions. Since there are a limited number of airlift assets dedicated, therefore while performing special operations missions, highly trained airlift crews normally act as an integral member of a larger joint package. Extensive planning, coordination, and training are required to minimize risk. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses 20. Suppression of Enemy Air Defenses (SEAD) is any activity that destroys, neutralizes or temporarily degrades an opponent’s surface-based air defenses by destructive or disruptive means. SEAD missions are also flown to maintain the degree of control of the air which is required and SEAD is depending on the level of SAM and AAA threat, however, SEAD operations may also be important as a combat support mission type. SEAD may be an essential pre-cursor to strategic and ant surface air action and may be achieved electronically, by air action or by land and maritime artillery. Composite Air Operations 21. Composite Air Operations (COMAO) is the combination of aircraft into force packages to concentrate combat power and achieve force protection. Force packaging considerations particularly in coalition operations require knowledge of the strengths and weaknesses of the forces available.